in

Habitat-specific trends in taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity in European plant communities over a century

Habitat-specific trends in taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity in European plant communities over a century
Announcement


  • Hooper, D. U. et al. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecol. Monogr. 75, 3–35 (2005).

    Announcement

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • IPBES. Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (2019).

  • Thuiller, W., Lavorel, S., Araújo, M. B., Sykes, M. T. & Prentice, I. C. Climate change threats to plant diversity in Europe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 8245–8250 (2005).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Barnosky, A. D. et al. Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived? Nature 471, 51–57 (2011).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Newbold, T. et al. Widespread winners and narrow-ranged losers: land use homogenizes biodiversity in local assemblages worldwide. PLoS Biol. 16, e2006841 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Suggitt, A. J., Lister, D. G. & Thomas, C. D. Widespread effects of climate change on local plant diversity. Curr. Biol. 29, 2905–2911.e2 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Roy, H. E. et al. IPBES Invasive Alien Species Assessment: Summary for Policymakers (IPBES secretariat, 2024).

  • Vellend, M. et al. Global meta-analysis reveals no net change in local-scale plant biodiversity over time. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 19456–19459 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vellend, M. The biodiversity conservation paradox. Am. Sci. 105, 94 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Diekmann, M. et al. Long-term changes in calcareous grassland vegetation in North-western Germany – No decline in species richness, but a shift in species composition. Biol. Conserv. 172, 170–179 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dornelas, M. et al. Assemblage time series reveal biodiversity change but not systematic loss. Science 344, 296–299 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hillebrand, H. et al. Biodiversity change is uncoupled from species richness trends: consequences for conservation and monitoring. J. Appl. Ecol. 55, 169–184 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Blowes, S. A. et al. The geography of biodiversity change in marine and terrestrial assemblages. Science 366, 339–345 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chytrý, M. et al. EUNIS habitat classification: expert system, characteristic species combinations and distribution maps of European habitats. Appl. Veg. Sci. 23, 648–675 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jandt, U. et al. More losses than gains during one century of plant biodiversity change in Germany. Nature 611, 512–518 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Klinkovská, K. et al. Half a century of temperate non-forest vegetation changes: no net loss in species richness, but considerable shifts in taxonomic and functional composition. Glob. Change Biol. 31, e70030 (2025).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dornelas, M. et al. A balance of winners and losers in the Anthropocene. Ecol. Lett. 22, 847–854 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bonari, G. et al. Grassland changes in the eastern alps over four decades: unveiling patterns along an elevation gradient. Appl. Veg. Sci. 28, https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.70012 (2025).

  • Tordoni, E., Carmona, C. P., Toussaint, A., Tamme, R. & Pärtel, M. Global patterns and determinants of multiple facets of plant diversity. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 33, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13823 (2024).

  • Hähn, G. J. A. et al. Global decoupling of functional and phylogenetic diversity in plant communities. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 9, 237–248 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kapfer, J. et al. Resurveying historical vegetation data – opportunities and challenges. Appl. Veg. Sci. 20, 164–171 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Verheyen, K. et al. Observer and relocation errors matter in resurveys of historical vegetation plots. J. Veg. Sci. 29, 812–823 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wood, C. M. et al. Ecological landscape elements: long-term monitoring in Great Britain, the Countryside Survey 1978–2007 and beyond. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 10, 745–763 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kipfer, T., Zangger, A. & Plattner, M. Monitoring und Wirkungskontrolle Biodiversität. Übersicht zu nationalen Programmen und Anknüpfungspunkten. Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU, 2020).

  • Richard, B. et al. The climatic debt is growing in the understorey of temperate forests: stand characteristics matter. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 30, 1474–1487 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cardinale, B. J., Gonzalez, A., Allington, G. R. & Loreau, M. Is local biodiversity declining or not? A summary of the debate over analysis of species richness time trends. Biol. Conserv. 219, 175–183 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kiebacher, T., Meier, M., Kipfer, T. & Roth, T. Thermophilisation of communities differs between land plant lineages, land use types and elevation. Sci. Rep. 13, 11395 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chytrý, M., Tichý, L., Hennekens, S. M. & Schaminée, J. H. Assessing vegetation change using vegetation-plot databases: a risky business. Appl. Veg. Sci. 17, 32–41 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Finderup Nielsen, T., Sand-Jensen, K. & Bruun, H. H. Drier, darker and more fertile: 140 years of plant habitat change driven by land-use intensification. J. Veg. Sci. 32, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.13066 (2021).

  • Sperandii, M. G. et al. LOTVS: a global collection of permanent vegetation plots. J. Veg. Sci. 33, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.13115 (2022).

  • Verheyen, K. et al. Combining community resurvey data to advance global change research. Bioscience 67, 73–83 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jandt, U. et al. ReSurveyGermany: vegetation-plot time-series over the past hundred years in Germany. Sci. Data 9, 631 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Knollová, I. et al. ReSurveyEurope: a database of resurveyed vegetation plots in Europe. J. Veg. Sci. 35, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.13235 (2024).

  • Eriksson, O. The species-pool hypothesis and plant community diversity. Oikos 68, 371 (1993).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cornell, H. V. & Harrison, S. P. What are species pools and when are they important? Annu. Rev. Ecol., Evol. Syst. 45, 45–67 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bruelheide, H., Jiménez-Alfaro, B., Jandt, U. & Sabatini, F. M. Deriving site-specific species pools from large databases. Ecography 43, 1215–1228 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lelli, C. et al. Long-term changes in Italian mountain forests detected by resurvey of historical vegetation data. J. Veg. Sci. 32, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12939 (2021).

  • Scherrer, D. et al. Impacts of climate warming, pollution, and management on the vegetation composition of Central European beech forests. Ecol. Indic. 160, 111888 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kattge, J. et al. TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 119–188 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Open Tree Of Life et al. Open Tree of Life Synthetic Tree, 2019. tree.opentreeoflife.org.

  • Kalusová, V. et al. Alien plants of Europe. Preslia 96, 149–182 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chytrý, M. et al. FloraVeg. EU—an online database of European vegetation, habitats and flora. Appl. Veg. Sci. 27, https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12798 (2024).

  • Fridley, J. D., Vandermast, D. B., Kuppinger, D. M., Manthey, M. & Peet, R. K. Co-occurrence based assessment of habitat generalists and specialists: a new approach for the measurement of niche width. J. Ecol. 95, 707–722 (2007).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Manthey, M. & Fridley, J. D. Beta diversity metrics and the estimation of niche width via species co-occurrence data: reply to Zeleny. J. Ecol. 97, 18–22 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Baselga, A., Jiménez-Valverde, A. & Niccolini, G. A multiple-site similarity measure independent of richness. Biol. Lett. 3, 642–645 (2007).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • McKinney, M. L. & Lockwood, J. L. Biotic homogenization: a few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction. Trends Ecol. Evol. 14, 450–453 (1999).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Knapp, S., Winter, M. & Klotz, S. Increasing species richness but decreasing phylogenetic richness and divergence over a 320-year period of urbanization. J. Appl. Ecol. 54, 1152–1160 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chytrý, M. et al. Habitat invasions by alien plants: a quantitative comparison among Mediterranean, subcontinental and oceanic regions of Europe. J. Appl. Ecol. 45, 448–458 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Simonová, D. & Lososová, Z. Which factors determine plant invasions in man-made habitats in the Czech Republic. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 10, 89–100 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Widmer, S. et al. One century of change: stronger diversity decline in lowland than in mountain grasslands in central Europe. Glob. Change Biol. 31, e70529 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Häberlin, K. E. & Dengler, J. Recent biodiversity changes in grasslands across elevational bands in Switzerland. Basic Appl. Ecol. 87, 29–37 (2025).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Midolo, G. et al. Six decades of losses and gains in alpha diversity of European plant communities. Ecol. Lett. 28, e70248 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Riedel, S. et al. Lasting legacies: relicts of historical plant communities in Central European grasslands amid a century of biodiversity loss. Biol. Conserv. 312, 111500 (2025).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vellend, M. et al. Estimates of local biodiversity change over time stand up to scrutiny. Ecology 98, 583–590 (2017).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Naaf, T. & Wulf, M. Habitat specialists and generalists drive homogenization and differentiation of temperate forest plant communities at the regional scale. Biol. Conserv. 143, 848–855 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • van Kleunen, M. et al. Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants. Nature 525, 100–103 (2015).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kortz, A. R. & Magurran, A. E. Increases in local richness (α-diversity) following invasion are offset by biotic homogenization in a biodiversity hotspot. Biol. Lett. 15, 20190133 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Staude, I. R. et al. Replacements of small- by large-ranged species scale up to diversity loss in Europe’s temperate forest biome. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 802–808 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Daru, B. H. et al. Widespread homogenization of plant communities in the Anthropocene. Nat. Commun. 12, 6983 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hautekèete, N.-C. et al. Habitat type shapes long-term plant biodiversity budgets in two densely populated regions in north-western Europe. Divers. Distrib. 21, 631–642 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lüttgert, L. et al. Linking trends of habitat types and plant species using repeated habitat mapping data. Appl. Veg. Sci. 27, https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12799 (2024).

  • Lenoir, J., Gégout, J. C., Marquet, P. A., Ruffray, P. de & Brisse, H. A significant upward shift in plant species optimum elevation during the 20th century. Science 320, 1768–1771 (2008).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Winkler, M. et al. The rich sides of mountain summits – a pan-European view on aspect preferences of alpine plants. J. Biogeogr. 43, 2261–2273 (2016).

    Announcement

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Steinbauer, M. J. et al. Accelerated increase in plant species richness on mountain summits is linked to warming. Nature 556, 231–234 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Iseli, E. et al. Rapid upwards spread of non-native plants in mountains across continents. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 7, 405–413 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jaroszynska, F., Rixen, C., Woodin, S., Lenoir, J. & Wipf, S. Resampling alpine herbarium records reveals changes in plant traits over space and time. J. Ecol. 111, 338–355 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Czerepko, J. A long-term study of successional dynamics in the forest wetlands. Ecol. Manag. 255, 630–642 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Swindles, G. T. et al. Widespread drying of European peatlands in recent centuries. Nat. Geosci. 12, 922–928 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kolari, T. H. M., Korpelainen, P., Kumpula, T. & Tahvanainen, T. Accelerated vegetation succession but no hydrological change in a boreal fen during 20 years of recent climate change. Ecol. Evol. 11, 7602–7621 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Navrátilová, J., Navrátil, J. & Hájek, M. Medium-term changes of vegetation composition on fens of the rural landscape, tested using fixed permanent plots. Folia Geobotanica 57, 151–166 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Prach, K. Spontaneous succession in Central-European man-made habitats: what information can be used in restoration practice? Appl. Veg. Sci. 6, 125–129 (2003).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Prévosto, B. et al. Impacts of land abandonment on vegetation: successional pathways in European habitats. Folia Geobotanica 46, 303–325 (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kindermann, E. et al. Resurveying inner-alpine dry grasslands after 70 years calls for integrative conservation efforts. Biol. Conserv. 289, 110393 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tilman, D., May, R. M., Lehman, C. L. & Nowak, M. A. Habitat destruction and the extinction debt. Nature 371, 65–66 (1994).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gilbert, B. & Levine, J. M. Plant invasions and extinction debts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 1744–1749 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rogora, M. et al. Assessment of climate change effects on mountain ecosystems through a cross-site analysis in the Alps and Apennines. Sci. Total Environ. 624, 1429–1442 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sabatini, F. M., Di Musciano, M. & Chiarucci, A. Using yearly-resolved time series to disentangle interannual variability, directional change, and pseudoturnover in plant community composition. J. Veg. Sci. 36, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.70052 (2025).

  • Kuczynski, L., Ontiveros, V. J. & Hillebrand, H. Biodiversity time series are biased towards increasing species richness in changing environments. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 7, 994–1001 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Leblanc, C. et al. Learning the syntax of plant assemblages. Nat. Plants 11, 2026–2040 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mertel, A., Knollová, I. & Chytrý, M. EVA-MAP: an online application to visualize European vegetation data. IAVS Bull. 2025, 22–25 (2025).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Kooistra, L. et al. Reviews and syntheses: remotely sensed optical time series for monitoring vegetation productivity. Biogeosciences 21, 473–511 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Douda, J. et al. Historical sampling error: a neglected factor in long-term biodiversity change research. Biol. Conserv. 286, 110317 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gerstner, K., Dormann, C. F., Stein, A., Manceur, A. M. & Seppelt, R. Effects of land use on plant diversity – a global meta-analysis. J. Appl. Ecol. 51, 1690–1700 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gottfried, M. et al. Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change. Nat. Clim. Change 2, 111–115 (2012).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gray, C. L. et al. Local biodiversity is higher inside than outside terrestrial protected areas worldwide. Nat. Commun. 7, 12306 (2016).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hautier, Y. et al. General destabilizing effects of eutrophication on grassland productivity at multiple spatial scales. Nat. Commun. 11, 5375 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chytrý, M. et al. European Vegetation Archive (EVA): an integrated database of European vegetation plots. Appl. Veg. Sci. 19, 173–180 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Crawley, M. J. & Harral, J. E. Scale dependence in plant biodiversity. Science 291, 864–868 (2001).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jarzyna, M. A. & Jetz, W. Taxonomic and functional diversity change is scale dependent. Nat. Commun. 9, 2565 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chytrý, M. Formalizované přístupy k fytocenologické klasifikaci vegetace. Preslia 75, 1–29 (2003).

  • Chytrý, M. et al. EUNIS-ESy: expert system for automatic classification of European vegetation plots to EUNIS habitats (v2021-06-01), Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4812736 (2025).

  • Bruelheide, H. et al. sPlot – a new tool for global vegetation analyses. J. Veg. Sci. 30, 161–186 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • World Flora Online Consortium. World Flora Online Plant List December 2023 (2023).

  • Schrodt, F. et al. BHPMF – a hierarchical Bayesian approach to gap-filling and trait prediction for macroecology and functional biogeography. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 24, 1510–1521 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bruelheide, H. et al. Global trait-environment relationships of plant communities. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 1906–1917 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Holz, H., Segar, J., Valdez, J. & Staude, I. R. Assessing extinction risk across the geographic ranges of plant species in Europe. Plants People Planet 4, 303–311 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lončarević, N. et al. Database of European vascular plants red lists as a contribution to more coherent plant conservation. Sci. Data 11, 1138 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fischer, H. S. On the combination of species cover values from different vegetation layers. Appl. Veg. Sci. 18, 169–170 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Villéger, S., Mason, N. W. H. & Mouillot, D. New multidimensional functional diversity indices for a multifaceted framework in functional ecology. Ecology 89, 2290–2301 (2008).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cornwell, W. K., Schwilk, D. W. & Ackerly, D. D. A Trait-based test for habitat filtering: convex hull volume. Ecology 87, 1465–1471 (2006).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Faith, D. P. Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Biol. Conserv. 61, 1–10 (1992).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Webb, C. O., Ackerly, D. D., McPeek, M. A. & Donoghue, M. J. Phylogenies and community ecology. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 33, 475–505 (2002).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Laliberté, E., Legendre, P., Shipley & B. FD: Measuring functional diversity (FD) from multiple traits, and other tools for functional ecology. R package version 1.0-12.3 (2014).

  • Pakeman, R. J. Functional trait metrics are sensitive to the completeness of the species’ trait data. Methods Ecol. Evol. 5, 9–15 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Budescu, D. V. Dominance analysis: a new approach to the problem of relative importance of predictors in multiple regression. Psychol. Bull. 114, 542–551 (1993).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Azen, R. & Budescu, D. V. The dominance analysis approach for comparing predictors in multiple regression. Psychol. Methods 8, 129–148 (2003).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/ (2025).

  • Bustos Navarrete, C. & Coutinho Soares, F. dominanceanalysis: Dominance Analysis. R package version 2.1.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dominanceanalysis (2025).

  • Kembel, S. W. et al. Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology. Bioinformatics 26, 1463–1464 (2010).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Laliberté, E. & Legendre, P. A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits. Ecology 91, 299–305 (2010).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer International Publishing, Cham. R package version 3.5.2. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24277-4 (2016).

  • Allaire, J. J., Gandrud, C., Russell, K. & Yetman, C. J. networkD3: D3 JavaScript Network Graphs from R. R package version 0.4.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=networkD3 (2017).

  • Brunson, J. C. ggalluvial: layered grammar for alluvial plots. J. Open Source Softw. 5, 2017 (2020).

  • Brunson, J. C. & Read, Q. D. ggalluvial: alluvial Plots in ‘ggplot2’. R package version 0.12.5 (2023).

  • Glur, C. data.tree: General Purpose Hierarchical Data Structure. R package version 1.2.0 (2023).

  • van den Brand, T. ggh4x: Hacks for ‘ggplot2’. R package version 0.3.1 (2024).

  • Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01 (2015).

  • Massicotte, P. & South, A. rnaturalearth: World Map Data from Natural Earth, R-package version 1.1.0 (2023).

  • South, A., Michael, S. & Massicotte, P. rnaturalearthdata: World Vector Map Data from Natural Earth Used in ‘rnaturalearth’, R-package version 1.0.0 (2024).

  • Lê, S., Josse, J. & Husson, F. FactoMineR: an R package for multivariate analysis. J. Stat. Softw. 25, https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v025.i01 (2008).

  • Pasek, J. Weights: Weighting and Weighted Statistics, R-package version 1.1.2 (2025).

  • Kindt, R. WorldFlora: An R package for exact and fuzzy matching of plant names against the World Flora Online taxonomic backbone data. Appl. Plant Sci. 8, e11388 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • European Vegetation Survey, The IAVS Working Group. EVA project #200 2024-03-01 MOTIVATE – Monitoring of Terrestrial habitats by Integrating Vegetation Archive Time series in Europe – S. Kambach, U. Jandt, H. Bruelheide, M. Chytrý (2024).



  • Source link

    Announcement

    www.nature.com

    Announcement

    What do you think?

    Written by Politixia

    Announcement
    Announcement

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

    GIPHY App Key not set. Please check settings

    Announcement
    Lindsay Hubbard Talks Returning to ‘Summer House’ for Season 11, What She Thinks of Amanda Batula & West Wilson’s Exit After Drama – Just Jared – Celebrity News and Gossip

    Lindsay Hubbard Talks Returning to ‘Summer House’ for Season 11, What She Thinks of Amanda Batula & West Wilson’s Exit After Drama – Just Jared – Celebrity News and Gossip

    LA Times Slams Daily Wire Film as Racist (Without Seeing It)

    LA Times Slams Daily Wire Film as Racist (Without Seeing It)